Definition

From Wikipedia [2026-03-24] : “A boundary marker, border marker, boundary stone, or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land boundary or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. There are several other types of named border markers, known as boundary trees, pillars, monuments, obelisks, and corners. Border markers can also be markers through which a border line runs in a straight line to determine that border. They can also be the markers from which a border marker has been fixed.”

Tagging in OpenStreetMap

Usual tags are:

• boundary=marker
• collection=yes the marker is a part of the collection of historical markers
• format:top=* describes the shape of the marker’s top
• format=* describes the shape of the marker
• height=* height of the marker
• historic=boundary_marker OR
• historic=boundary_stone
• inscription=* inscriptions on different sides of the marker could be separated by a sign “ “ ( vertical line) or “/” (forward slash)
• marker=border_stone
• material=*stone, concrete, iron, etc.
• moved=yes indicates that the marker is not on its original position
• name=*
• old_ref=* the (old, changed) number written on the marker
• ref=* the number written on the marker
• year=#### (year) (or documented tag start_date=*)

Existing sources

Maps

• Institut cartographique militaire, Carte de Belgique, 1:20 000. [1969]. (https://historical.osm.be/)

• Geo.be. Sous les onglets Cartes > Couches > Unités administratives > AdminVector, on peut afficher une carte de Belgique, qui après zoom adéquat, présente outre les limites, des points représentant des bornes. (https://www.geo.be/)

• [more to follow]

Archives

The archives contain:

• general maps
• maps specific to boundary marking
• boundary agreements
• minutes of boundary surveys
• minutes of boundary marking

Belgium

• Archives générales du Royaume - Algemeen Rijksarchief

France

… See full entry

Bank and ditch

Preliminary

This is a provisional report about a future proposition for specific tags for the following types of banks and ditches:

• bank and ditch barrier
• hedge and ditch barrier
• fossé bordier
• talus
• old way (e.g. Tiense Groef)

About bank and ditch



Bank and ditch or hedge and ditch are man made earthworks in the landscape. All have a historic interest as being the landmark for present and past administrative boundaries. They were used to limit lands, parish, communes, forests, etc.

… See full entry

Purpose of the paper

This paper is intended to explain how to use official sources to complete and/or correct OpenStreetMap data.

Introduction

In Belgium, administrative boundaries as legally defined are fixed and can only be changed by law, ordinance or decree. The General Administration of Property Documentation is designated by the federal authorities as the authentic source of Belgian administrative boundaries. ⁽¹⁾

The data are freely available on the web site of the SPF Finances / FOD Financiën / FÖD Finanzen. In addition, it should be noted that these data are more accurate than those from NGI.

A lot of administrative boundaries are already present in the OpenStreetMap database.

At the municipality level, it appears that the OSM alignments of boundaries differ slightly from the alignments published by the SPF Finances / FOD Financiën / FÖD Finanzen.

In addition, at the lower level, i.e. at the division level, boundaries are partly absent. A division is a part of a municipality.

Why do we need the division level?

The division boundaries, i.e. level 9 in Belgium, are interesting for several reasons.

Firstly, this administrative level is still used on current cadastral documents.

Secondly, the divisions are historically the successors of the pre-1977 municipalities. While their alignments are not always similar, they are generally identical. Sometimes the place names are different. ⁽²⁾ This information, i.e. the boundaries and names, is useful for historians, genealogists and all those who read old documents. Thirdly, the postcode boundaries are essentially based on the level 8 and level 9 administrative boundaries.

Existing data

It is interesting to note that the terminology used may differ from one service (e.g. NGI) to another (e.g. Finances) are different. The following table shows the different sources and terminologies for administrative boundaries.

… See full entry